Annex C
(informative)
Indirect tests
C.1 Cross-hole geophysical tests can be performed with the aim of checking the continuity of a series of interlocked jet grouted elements.
C.2 When high geometric accuracy is required, the alignment of the boreholes for geophysical tests or coring can be checked by borehole deviation measurements.
C.3 Both p-wave and s-wave velocities should be measured when performing cross-hole tests.
C.4 Values of E and G moduli in the strain field of microdeformations (ε < 10–4) can be indirectly obtained from the velocity measurements from cross-hole tests.
C.5 The geometry of a jet grouted element can also be assessed by CPT's (static cone penetration tests) per- formed through the element before set. This method applies mainly to jet grouted elements created in soil with high penetration resistance compared with the low resistance of the fresh grouted material.
C.6 Other test methods can be used in certain cases; examples include SPTs (standard penetration tests), dynamic cone, or pressuremeter.
Annex D
(informative)
Examples of site records of jet grouting works
NOTE The daily reports presented in this annex give an example of technical site documents for the execution of jet grouted columns, reflecting one of the possible choices of site organisation and of operation mode of the jet grouting string.
Two reports are presented, as often one mixing and pumping plant alternatively feeds one rig in the jet grouting phase, while one or more other rigs are performing drilling in the same site.
The jet grouting string can be withdrawn by a continuous or by a step-by-step movement. The second mode is reflected by the jet rig report in the annex, where a step length (usually few centimetres) and a time per step (usually ranging from few seconds to 40" or more, depending on column diameter, type of soil and of jet grouting system) are recorded.
| SITE: ZONE DATE: Shift from to |
Pump type: Supervisor: Signature: |
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| Supervisor instructions | |||||||||||||||||||
| Value | Grouter | Grout control | |||||||||||||||||
| Water pressure (bar) | Time | Density (kg/l) |
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| Water flow (l/min) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Grout pressure (bar) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Grout flow (l/min) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Grout A | Grout B | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cement/batch (kg) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Water/batch (kg) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Batch mass (kg) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Batch volume (l) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Grout density (kg/l) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Grouter controls | |||||||||||||||||||
| Column N° | Counter start drilling | Counter end drilling | Counter start prejetting | Counter end prejetting | Counter start jetting | Counter end jetting | Time start jetting | Time end jetting | Water pressure | Grout pressure | |||||||||
| Stoppages N° batches prepared = | |||||||||||||||||||
| Time start |
Time end |
Nature of stoppage | Others observations | ||||||||||||||||
| Grouter: Signature: |
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| SITE: ZONE DATE: Shift from to |
Rig type: Supervisor: Signature: |
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| Supervisor instructions | Sequence of execution of the columns | |||||||||||||
| Prejetting | Jetting | Driller | ||||||||||||
| Depth column toe (m) | ||||||||||||||
| Depth collumn head (m) | ||||||||||||||
| Nozzle diameter (mm) | ||||||||||||||
| Step length (cm) | ||||||||||||||
| Time per step (s) | ||||||||||||||
| Rotation speed (rpm) | ||||||||||||||
| Water pressure (bar) | ||||||||||||||
| Water flow (l/min) | ||||||||||||||
| Grout pressure (bar) | ||||||||||||||
| Grout flow (l/min) | ||||||||||||||
| Air pressure (bar) | ||||||||||||||
| Driller controls | ||||||||||||||
| Column N° | Column Incli- naison |
Time start drill | Time end drill | Depth end drill | Time start prejet | Time end prejet | Time start jet | Time end jet | Depth end jet | Water pressure | Grout pressure | Step length | Time per step | Air pressure |
| Spoils measurements | ||||||||||||||
| Column N° | Depth | Spoil density | Samples moulded N° | Others observations | ||||||||||
| Driller: Signature: |
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Annex E
(informative)
Degree of obligation of the provisions
The provisions are marked corresponding to their degree of obligation:
- — RQ: requirement;
- — RC: recommendation;
- — PE: permission;
- — PO: possibility and eventuality;
- — ST: statement.
| 1 Scope: ST 2 Normative references: ST 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 – 3.20: ST 4 Specific needs 4.1: RQ 4.2: RQ 4.3: PO 4.4: RQ 4.5: RC 5 Geotechnical investigation 5.1: RQ 5.2: RQ 5.3: RC 5.4: RQ 5.5: RQ 5.6: RC 6 Materials 6.1: RQ 6.2: ST 6.3: PO 6.4: RC 6.5: PO 6.6: PO 6.7: RC 6.8: ST 6.9: RQ 6.10: RQ 6.11: RC 6.12: RQ 6.13: RQ 6.14: RQ |
7 Design considerations 7.1 General 7.1.1: ST 7.1.2: RC 7.1.3: RQ 7.1.4: RQ 7.1.5: RQ 7.1.6: RC 7.1.7: RQ 7.1.8: RQ 7.1.9: RC 7.1.10: RC 7.1.11: RQ 7.1.12: RC 7.1.13: RQ 7.1.14: RC 7.1.15: RQ 7.1.16: RC 7.1.17: RQ 7.2 Geometry 7.2.1: ST 7.2.2: RQ 7.2.3: RQ 7.2.4: RC 7.2.5: RQ 7.3 Strength and deformation characteristics 7.3.1: ST 7.3.2: RQ 7.3.3: RQ 7.3.4: RC 7.3.5: ST 7.3.6: RQ 7.3.7: PO 7.4 Permeability 7.4.1: ST 7.4.2: RQ 7.4.3: RC |
8 Execution 8.1 General 8.1.1:ST 8.1.2: ST 8.1.3: ST 8.1.4: ST 8.1.5 Method statement 8.1.5.1: RC 8.1.5.2: RQ 8.1.6: ST 8.2 Equipment 8.2.1: ST 8.2.2:RQ 8.2.3: RC 8.2.4: ST 8.2.5: ST 8.2.6: ST 8.3 Preliminary works 8.3.1: RC 8.3.2: RQ 8.3.3: RC 8.3.4: RQ 8.3.5: RQ 8.4 Drilling 8.4.1: ST 8.4.2: RQ 8.4.3: RQ 8.4.4: RC 8.4.5: RC 8.4.6: RC 8.5 Jet grouting 8.5.1: RQ 8.5.2: RC 8.5.3: RQ 8.5.4: RC 8.5.5: RQ 8.5.6: RC 8.5.7: RQ 8.5.8: RQ |
| 8.6 Spoil return 8.6.1: RQ 8.6.2: PO 8.6.3: RC 8.6.4: RQ 8.7 Placing the reinforcement: PO 9 Supervision, testing and monitoring 9.1 General 9.1.1: RC 9.1.2: ST 9.1.3: RQ 9.1.4: PE 9.1.5: RC 9.1.6: PE 9.2 Preliminary tests 9.2.1: RQ 9.2.2: RC 9.2.3: RC 9.2.4: RC 9.2.5: RC 9.2.6: ST 9.3 Supervision and process testing 9.3.1: RQ 9.3.2: RC 9.3.3: PO 9.3.4: RQ 9.3.5: RQ 9.3.6: RC 9.3.7: RC 9.3.8: RC 9.4 Testing on the constructed elements 9.4.1 Testing to assess geometry |
9.4.1.1: ST 9.4.1.2: PO 9.4.1.3: PO 9.4.1.4: RC 9.4.1.5: RQ 9.4.1.6: RQ 9.4.2 Mechanical tests 9.4.2.1: RQ 9.4.2.2: RQ 9.4.2.3: RC 9.4.2.4: RC 9.4.2.5: ST 9.4.2.6: PO 9.4.2.7: PO 9.4.2.8: RQ 9.4.2.9: RC 9.4.3 Permeability tests 9.4.3.1: RC 9.4.3.2: RQ 9.4.3.3: PO 9.5 Monitoring 9.5.1: ST 9.5.2: RQ 9.5.3: RQ 9.5.4: RC 10 Execution documents 10.1 Documents available on site 10.1.1: RQ 10.1.2: RQ 10.2 Documents to be produced on site 10.2.1: RQ 10.2.2: RQ 10.2.3: RQ 11 Special requirements |
11.1 Compliance with national standards 11.1.1: RQ 11.2 Site safety 11.2.1: RQ 11.2.2: RQ 11.3 Protection of the environment 11.3.1: RQ 11.3.2: RQ 11.3.3: RQ Annex A (normative) Additional design requirements A.1: RQ A.2: RQ Annex B (informative) Ranges of jet grouting parameters Annex C (informative) Indirect tests C.1: PO C.2: PO C.3: RC C.4: ST C.5: PO C.6: PO Annex D (informative) Examples of site records of jet grouting works Annex E (informative) Degree of obligation of the provisions |
Bibliography
EN 196, Methods of testing cement.
