4
Earthworks (03 2xxxx)
4.1
Parts (03 22xxx)
03 22001
berm
ledge formed in the side slope (01) of earthworks (01)
03 22002
benching
earthworks (01) formed in steps
03 22003
counterfort
projection from the hidden face of a retaining wall (01) provided at intervals to increase resistance to horizontal pressure
03 22004
toe wall
03 22005
cutting
03 22006
side cut
berm (03 22001) wholly below original ground level (01)
03 22007
shallow trench
03 22008
medium trench
03 22009
deep trench
03 22010
narrow trench
trench (01) that is too narrow for operatives (01) to enter
03 22011
pit
03 22012
shallow pit
03 22013
medium pit
03 22014
deep pit
03 22015
trial pit
trial hole
pit (03 22011) to determine the nature of the ground (01) or the presence of underground structures (01) and services (01)
03 22016
fascine
firmly bound cylindrical bundle of brushwood (06 12114)
NOTE Main applications are to increase loads (01) carried by very soft or waterlogged soils (01) or to support slopes (01).
03 22017
mix-in-place wall
impermeable wall (01) around an excavation (01) formed by mixing the soil (01) disturbed by vertical drilling with lime (BS EN 459-1) or hydraulic cement (09 13005) to stop water entering into the excavation (01)
03 22018
rock anchorage
03 22019
soil anchorage
03 22020
ground anchorage primary reinforcement
rock anchorage (03 22018) installed in an excavation (01) to maintain overall stability of the face of the excavation (01)
03 22021
ground anchorage secondary reinforcement
rock anchorage (03 22018) installed in an excavation (01) to overcome local instability
NOTE Local instability may be caused when fragments separate from the surface.
03 22022
rock bolt
03 22023
rock dowel
03 22024
cut off drain
drain (01) across a soil (01) or rock (03 23027) slope (01) intercepting liquid flow (BS EN ISO 772) down the slope (01) or preventing water running behind the face of an excavation (01)
03 22025
counterfort drain
deep trench (03 22009) filled with material (01) that drains freely, cut parallel to the line of steepest slope (01) and below the slip surface (03 27025) to improve slope stability (03 27045) by reducing pore water pressure (03 27011)
03 22026
slope drain
system of shallow drains (01) laid in a soil (01) or rock (03 23027) slope (01) to drain surface water (01)
03 22027
garland drain
drain (01) formed within an excavation (01), at the level of an impervious stratum (03 23001) underlying permeable strata (03 23001), to intercept water that would otherwise flow into the excavation (01)
03 22028
sub-drain
03 22029
vertical drain
bored or driven hole filled with permeable material (01) to accelerate consolidation (03 25020) of compressible soils (01) by improving drainage (01)
03 22030
wick drain
vertical drain (03 22029) with perforated plastics or cardboard as the permeable material (01)
03 22031
sand drain
03 22032
drainage layer
layer of permeable material (01) to disperse sub-surface water
03 22033
drainage blanket
drainage layer (03 22032) near the base of an embankment (01)
03 22034
well point
small diameter, long tube (01) installed vertically in the ground (01), with a perforated length near the foot through which ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) is pumped
03 22035
well point system
dewatering (01) from a number of well points (03 22034)
NOTE Usually around the periphery of an excavation (01).
03 22036
shallow well system
dewatering (01) in which ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) is pumped from perforated tubes (01) surrounded by filter medium (05 33003) installed in holes less than 10 m in depth (01)
03 22037
deep well system
dewatering (01) in deep excavations (01) in which individual submersible pumps (05 12125) are installed in holes bored to the required depth (01)
03 22038
vacuum well system
dewatering (01) in which a vacuum is induced in a well (05 21002) or around well points (03 22034) so that pumps (01) can remove ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) from less permeable ground (01)
03 22039
horizontal well system
dewatering (01) in which a flexible perforated pipe (01), surrounded by a fine mesh, is installed at the bottom of a trench (01) and connected to a vacuum pump (01) at ground level (01)
03 22040
multi-stage dewatering
dewatering (01) in which well point systems (03 22035) or shallow well systems (03 22036) are installed at ground level (01) and at one or more deeper levels (01) as excavation (01) proceeds
03 22041
eductor system
dewatering (01) with an eductor (07 42291)
03 22042
electro-osmotic drainage
03 22043
formation
03 22044
critical slip circle
03 22045
brob
nail spike
metal fastening (01) with its head bent at right angles to the shaft